Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Luxembourg's road diesel supply was 98 kt, all of it imported, from Belgium (72%), Germany (18%) and the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (15%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
United States17 kt (est. 17%)Norway15 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan14 kt (est. 14%)Saudi Arabia10 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria5.1 kt (est. 5%)Iraq3.8 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom3.6 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins18 kt (est. 18%)Belgium: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (8%)Germany: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Belgium70 kt (72%)Germany17 kt (18%)Netherlands10 kt (10%)Luxembourg: road diesel supply98 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- Germany
- Netherlands
- United States17 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway15 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan14 kt (est. 14%)
- Saudi Arabia10 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria5.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq3.8 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom3.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins18 kt (est. 18%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (8%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2024)
3.6 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Luxembourg's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported3.6 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Germany1.5 kt (est. 43%)
- Belgium1.3 kt (est. 35%)
- Netherlands0.8 kt (est. 22%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 70,291 | 72.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 17,139 | 17.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: road diesel supply | 10,071 | 10.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 14,258 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 11,153 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 10,288 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,101 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 8,513 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 8,169 | 11.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 4,229 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,253 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,135 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,842 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,649 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,474 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,856 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,543 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,453 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,389 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,265 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,254 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,031 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 917 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 898 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 850 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 845 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 804 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 647 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 504 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 458 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 401 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 321 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (8,169 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (1,389 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (845 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (779 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.