Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 45 kt, all of it imported, mainly from France (93%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Nigeria (13%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
United States6.2 kt (est. 14%)Nigeria5.7 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan4.8 kt (est. 11%)Saudi Arabia4.4 kt (est. 10%)Libya4.1 kt (est. 9%)Algeria4.0 kt (est. 9%)Norway3.8 kt (est. 9%)Other crude origins8.9 kt (est. 20%)France: crude origin not reported2.2 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)France41 kt (93%)Belgium2.5 kt (6%)Netherlands0.7 kt (2%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply45 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- United States6.2 kt (est. 14%)
- Nigeria5.7 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan4.8 kt (est. 11%)
- Saudi Arabia4.4 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya4.1 kt (est. 9%)
- Algeria4.0 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway3.8 kt (est. 9%)
- Other crude origins8.9 kt (est. 20%)
- France: crude origin not reported2.2 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 41,399 | 92.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 2,469 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 715 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | France | 7,684 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 5,745 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5,630 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,476 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 4,216 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 4,102 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 3,977 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3,167 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France | 2,179 | 5.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,028 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 516 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 311 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 267 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 227 | 31.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 223 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 169 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 137 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 134 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 133 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 70 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 51 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 46 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 40 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 39 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 8 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 8 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude origin not reported (2,179 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (223 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (178 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.