Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 44 kt, all of it imported, mainly from France (93%) and Belgium (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Nigeria (12%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
United States7.5 kt (est. 17%)Nigeria5.1 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan4.4 kt (est. 10%)Saudi Arabia4.4 kt (est. 10%)Algeria4.1 kt (est. 9%)Libya3.8 kt (est. 9%)Iraq3.6 kt (est. 8%)Other crude origins8.3 kt (est. 19%)France: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)France41 kt (93%)Belgium2.2 kt (5%)Netherlands0.7 kt (2%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply44 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- United States7.5 kt (est. 17%)
- Nigeria5.1 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan4.4 kt (est. 10%)
- Saudi Arabia4.4 kt (est. 10%)
- Algeria4.1 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya3.8 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq3.6 kt (est. 8%)
- Other crude origins8.3 kt (est. 19%)
- France: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 40,973 | 93.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 2,197 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 714 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France | 7,061 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 6,737 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 4,970 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 4,347 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,126 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 4,087 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 3,789 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 3,420 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France | 2,255 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,305 | 59.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 299 | 41.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 268 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 255 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 180 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 176 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 147 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 104 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 78 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 71 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 51 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 42 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 41 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 39 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 27 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium | 7 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude origin not reported (2,255 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (181 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (174 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.