Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Luxembourg's petrol supply was 40 kt, all of it imported, from Belgium (71%), Germany (23%) and the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (20%), the United States (13%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway8.1 kt (est. 20%)United States5.4 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan4.7 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom4.3 kt (est. 11%)Angola2.5 kt (est. 6%)Iraq2.1 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria1.5 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins8.8 kt (est. 22%)Belgium: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Belgium28 kt (71%)Germany9.0 kt (23%)Netherlands2.7 kt (7%)Luxembourg: petrol supply40 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- Germany
- Netherlands
- Norway8.1 kt (est. 20%)
- United States5.4 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan4.7 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom4.3 kt (est. 11%)
- Angola2.5 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq2.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria1.5 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins8.8 kt (est. 22%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 28,221 | 70.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 9,030 | 22.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 2,659 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium | 6,095 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,652 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,441 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,272 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,220 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,719 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 2,389 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,888 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,535 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,435 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,338 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,138 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 907 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 772 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 654 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 476 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 452 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 416 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 367 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 329 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 312 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 289 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 284 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 192 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 157 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 100 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 62 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of petrol in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (1,888 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (384 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (347 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.