Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Luxembourg's petrol supply was 33 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Belgium (91%) and the Netherlands (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (21%), the United States (16%) and the United Kingdom (14%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway6.9 kt (est. 21%)United States5.1 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom4.5 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan3.0 kt (est. 9%)Angola2.2 kt (est. 7%)Iraq1.9 kt (est. 6%)Brazil1.3 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins5.1 kt (est. 16%)Belgium: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (6%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium29 kt (91%)Netherlands2.1 kt (6%)Germany0.9 kt (3%)Luxembourg: petrol supply33 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Germany
- Norway6.9 kt (est. 21%)
- United States5.1 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom4.5 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan3.0 kt (est. 9%)
- Angola2.2 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq1.9 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil1.3 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins5.1 kt (est. 16%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 29,484 | 90.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 2,111 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 940 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium | 6,363 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,536 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,330 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 4,165 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,769 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 2,107 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,076 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,674 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,203 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 603 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 369 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 319 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 301 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 269 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 261 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 220 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 166 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 142 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 130 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 115 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 83 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 77 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 74 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 50 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 50 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 35 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 18 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 17 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 10 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Germany | 1 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (2,076 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (313 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (69 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.