Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 48 kt, all of it imported, mainly from France (95%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Kazakhstan (10%) and Algeria (10%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
United States10 kt (est. 21%)Kazakhstan4.7 kt (est. 10%)Algeria4.6 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria4.3 kt (est. 9%)Iraq3.9 kt (est. 8%)Norway3.5 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia3.4 kt (est. 7%)Other crude origins10.0 kt (est. 21%)France: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (4%)France: crude not from imports1.2 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)France46 kt (95%)Belgium1.7 kt (4%)Netherlands0.8 kt (2%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply48 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- United States10 kt (est. 21%)
- Kazakhstan4.7 kt (est. 10%)
- Algeria4.6 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria4.3 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq3.9 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway3.5 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia3.4 kt (est. 7%)
- Other crude origins10.0 kt (est. 21%)
- France: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (4%)
- France: crude not from imports1.2 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 45,554 | 94.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 1,697 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 762 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France | 9,691 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 9,187 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 4,631 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,585 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 4,156 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 3,742 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 3,393 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3,109 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France | 1,839 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| France: crude not from imports | France | 1,220 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 576 | 33.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 299 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 282 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 212 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 207 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 172 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 129 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 124 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 121 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 107 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 85 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 52 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 33 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 26 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 10 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 10 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 8 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 6 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude origin not reported (1,839 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- France: crude not from imports (1,220 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (197 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (10 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.