Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 49 kt, all of it imported, mainly from France (96%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Algeria (11%) and Nigeria (11%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
United States9.1 kt (est. 19%)Algeria5.5 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria5.3 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan4.7 kt (est. 10%)Iraq4.4 kt (est. 9%)Norway3.9 kt (est. 8%)Libya2.8 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 22%)France: crude not from imports1.2 kt (3%)France: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)France47 kt (96%)Belgium1.3 kt (3%)Netherlands0.7 kt (2%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply49 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- United States9.1 kt (est. 19%)
- Algeria5.5 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria5.3 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan4.7 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq4.4 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway3.9 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya2.8 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins11 kt (est. 22%)
- France: crude not from imports1.2 kt (3%)
- France: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 46,720 | 95.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 1,279 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 743 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | France | 10,290 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 8,683 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 5,457 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5,155 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,562 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 4,244 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3,563 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2,823 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France | 1,224 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France | 720 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 445 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 255 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 206 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 196 | 26.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 195 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 107 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 98 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 95 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 93 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 87 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 81 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 79 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 36 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 33 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 8 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 6 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude not from imports (1,224 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- France: crude origin not reported (720 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (134 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.