Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Luxembourg's petrol supply was 28 kt, all of it imported, from Belgium (82%), Germany (11%) and the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (15%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
United States5.6 kt (est. 20%)Norway4.2 kt (est. 15%)United Kingdom3.0 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria2.2 kt (est. 8%)Iraq2.1 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan1.8 kt (est. 7%)Brazil1.8 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins5.0 kt (est. 18%)Belgium: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (6%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium23 kt (82%)Germany3.1 kt (11%)Netherlands1.9 kt (7%)Luxembourg: petrol supply28 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- Germany
- Netherlands
- United States5.6 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway4.2 kt (est. 15%)
- United Kingdom3.0 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria2.2 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq2.1 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan1.8 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil1.8 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins5.0 kt (est. 18%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 22,818 | 82.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 3,069 | 11.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 1,865 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Belgium | 4,548 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,892 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 3,482 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,569 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,904 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,752 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,667 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,587 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,418 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 922 | 30.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 582 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 518 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 436 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 328 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 238 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 219 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 214 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 213 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 203 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 182 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 152 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 146 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 144 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 137 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 94 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 91 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 84 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 30 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of petrol in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (1,752 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (235 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (94 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.