Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Luxembourg's petrol supply was 30 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Belgium (79%) and Germany (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (14%) and Nigeria (11%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States5.7 kt (est. 19%)Norway4.1 kt (est. 14%)Nigeria3.1 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan2.8 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom2.2 kt (est. 7%)Iraq1.8 kt (est. 6%)Angola1.5 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins6.0 kt (est. 20%)Belgium: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (7%)Germany: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium23 kt (79%)Germany5.1 kt (17%)Netherlands1.1 kt (4%)Luxembourg: petrol supply30 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- Germany
- Netherlands
- United States5.7 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway4.1 kt (est. 14%)
- Nigeria3.1 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan2.8 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom2.2 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq1.8 kt (est. 6%)
- Angola1.5 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins6.0 kt (est. 20%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (7%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 23,463 | 78.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 5,126 | 17.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 1,132 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,347 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,238 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,930 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,806 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,150 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,085 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,927 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,485 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 1,435 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,429 | 27.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,195 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,015 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 547 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 317 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 306 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 210 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 202 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 194 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 192 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 125 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 122 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 121 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 104 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 76 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 71 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 60 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Germany | 17 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 15 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of petrol in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (2,085 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (317 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (71 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (60 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.