Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 46 kt, all of it imported, mainly from France (85%) and the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Kazakhstan (13%) and Nigeria (12%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
United States9.8 kt (est. 21%)Kazakhstan6.0 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria5.4 kt (est. 12%)Algeria4.5 kt (est. 10%)Angola3.3 kt (est. 7%)Libya3.1 kt (est. 7%)Norway2.6 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins9.5 kt (est. 21%)France: crude not from imports0.8 kt (2%)France: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)France39 kt (85%)Netherlands4.8 kt (10%)Belgium2.1 kt (5%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply46 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States9.8 kt (est. 21%)
- Kazakhstan6.0 kt (est. 13%)
- Nigeria5.4 kt (est. 12%)
- Algeria4.5 kt (est. 10%)
- Angola3.3 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya3.1 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway2.6 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins9.5 kt (est. 21%)
- France: crude not from imports0.8 kt (2%)
- France: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 39,485 | 85.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 4,785 | 10.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 2,118 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France | 8,012 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7,474 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 5,620 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 4,599 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 4,479 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 3,072 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 2,998 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,738 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,448 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,358 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France | 837 | 2.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France | 655 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 594 | 28.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 583 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 581 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 428 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 306 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 286 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 241 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 207 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 193 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 191 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 149 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 147 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 134 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 56 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 3 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude not from imports (837 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- France: crude origin not reported (655 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (432 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (134 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.