Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 41 kt, all of it imported, from France (82%), the Netherlands (13%) and Belgium (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (23%), Kazakhstan (15%) and Nigeria (12%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
United States9.7 kt (est. 23%)Kazakhstan6.1 kt (est. 15%)Nigeria4.8 kt (est. 12%)Algeria4.1 kt (est. 10%)Angola2.6 kt (est. 6%)Norway2.4 kt (est. 6%)Iraq2.1 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins8.4 kt (est. 20%)France: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)France34 kt (82%)Netherlands5.4 kt (13%)Belgium2.1 kt (5%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply41 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States9.7 kt (est. 23%)
- Kazakhstan6.1 kt (est. 15%)
- Nigeria4.8 kt (est. 12%)
- Algeria4.1 kt (est. 10%)
- Angola2.6 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway2.4 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq2.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins8.4 kt (est. 20%)
- France: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 33,879 | 81.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 5,393 | 13.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 2,086 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France | 7,692 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 6,511 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 5,470 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 4,124 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 4,068 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 2,292 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,760 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,547 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,413 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,257 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 832 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France | 589 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 485 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 469 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 437 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 369 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 323 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 322 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 281 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 219 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 209 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 176 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Belgium | 170 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 117 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 94 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 66 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 65 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude origin not reported (589 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (498 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (117 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.