Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 53 kt, all of it imported, mainly from France (86%) and the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Kazakhstan (15%) and Nigeria (13%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
United States11 kt (est. 21%)Kazakhstan7.8 kt (est. 15%)Nigeria6.9 kt (est. 13%)Algeria4.5 kt (est. 8%)Norway3.9 kt (est. 7%)Iraq3.3 kt (est. 6%)Libya3.0 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins10 kt (est. 20%)France: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)France45 kt (86%)Netherlands5.4 kt (10%)Belgium2.2 kt (4%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply53 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States11 kt (est. 21%)
- Kazakhstan7.8 kt (est. 15%)
- Nigeria6.9 kt (est. 13%)
- Algeria4.5 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway3.9 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq3.3 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya3.0 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins10 kt (est. 20%)
- France: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 45,147 | 85.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 5,382 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 2,162 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France | 9,284 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8,046 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 7,172 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 6,328 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 4,391 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2,974 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2,888 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,767 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,566 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,474 | 27.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France | 1,090 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 772 | 35.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 766 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 451 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 427 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 411 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 350 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 325 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 320 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 249 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 206 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 162 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 157 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 68 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 47 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude origin not reported (1,090 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (477 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (206 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.