Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 57 kt, all of it imported, from France (77%), Belgium (14%) and the Netherlands (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Kazakhstan (12%) and Norway (11%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
United States11 kt (est. 20%)Kazakhstan6.9 kt (est. 12%)Norway6.2 kt (est. 11%)Iraq4.7 kt (est. 8%)Algeria4.6 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria4.4 kt (est. 8%)Libya3.5 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 20%)France: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (3%)France: crude not from imports1.3 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)France44 kt (77%)Belgium8.2 kt (14%)Netherlands4.8 kt (8%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply57 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- United States11 kt (est. 20%)
- Kazakhstan6.9 kt (est. 12%)
- Norway6.2 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq4.7 kt (est. 8%)
- Algeria4.6 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria4.4 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya3.5 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins11 kt (est. 20%)
- France: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (3%)
- France: crude not from imports1.3 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 44,460 | 77.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 8,177 | 14.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 4,769 | 8.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France | 8,666 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7,764 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 5,107 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 4,647 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 4,297 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 3,905 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3,707 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 3,418 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,365 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France | 1,694 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,585 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,288 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France | 1,256 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,227 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,186 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,089 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,024 | 12.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 763 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 527 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 451 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 412 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 354 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 308 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 261 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 69 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 34 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude origin not reported (1,694 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- France: crude not from imports (1,256 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (1,024 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (354 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (69 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.