Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 56 kt, all of it imported, from France (78%), Belgium (15%) and the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Kazakhstan (11%) and Norway (10%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
United States11 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan6.2 kt (est. 11%)Norway5.7 kt (est. 10%)Iraq5.5 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria5.0 kt (est. 9%)Algeria4.8 kt (est. 9%)Angola3.5 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins10 kt (est. 19%)France: crude not from imports1.4 kt (3%)France: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)France43 kt (78%)Belgium8.1 kt (15%)Netherlands4.1 kt (7%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply56 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- United States11 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan6.2 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway5.7 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq5.5 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria5.0 kt (est. 9%)
- Algeria4.8 kt (est. 9%)
- Angola3.5 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins10 kt (est. 19%)
- France: crude not from imports1.4 kt (3%)
- France: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 43,254 | 77.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 8,109 | 14.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 4,146 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France | 8,290 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7,360 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 4,794 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 4,744 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,637 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 4,223 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3,536 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 3,133 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,866 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,483 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,472 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France | 1,419 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,129 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France | 1,119 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,110 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,008 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 904 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 692 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 513 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 403 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 359 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 351 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 327 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 301 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 281 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 57 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude not from imports (1,419 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- France: crude origin not reported (1,119 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (1,008 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (327 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.