Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 56 kt, all of it imported, from France (84%), Belgium (10%) and the Netherlands (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (24%), Nigeria (11%) and Norway (10%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
United States14 kt (est. 24%)Nigeria6.0 kt (est. 11%)Norway5.6 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan5.4 kt (est. 10%)Iraq5.2 kt (est. 9%)Algeria3.8 kt (est. 7%)Libya2.8 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins10 kt (est. 18%)France: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (4%)Belgium: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)France47 kt (84%)Belgium5.8 kt (10%)Netherlands3.1 kt (5%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply56 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- United States14 kt (est. 24%)
- Nigeria6.0 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway5.6 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan5.4 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq5.2 kt (est. 9%)
- Algeria3.8 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya2.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins10 kt (est. 18%)
- France: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (4%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 47,195 | 84.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 5,845 | 10.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 3,052 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France | 11,918 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7,469 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5,728 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,615 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 4,544 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3,978 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 3,756 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2,593 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France | 2,086 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,856 | 31.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,213 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 898 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 782 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 755 | 24.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 656 | 11.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 519 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 507 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 452 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 354 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 298 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 298 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 265 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 187 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 174 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 72 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 46 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 43 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 27 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude origin not reported (2,086 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (656 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (577 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (265 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.