Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 59 kt, all of it imported, mainly from France (76%) and Belgium (20%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (25%), Norway (11%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
United States15 kt (est. 25%)Norway6.4 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan5.9 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria5.1 kt (est. 9%)Iraq4.9 kt (est. 8%)Libya4.0 kt (est. 7%)Angola3.7 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins12 kt (est. 20%)Belgium: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (2%)France: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)France45 kt (76%)Belgium12 kt (20%)Netherlands2.7 kt (5%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply59 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- United States15 kt (est. 25%)
- Norway6.4 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan5.9 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria5.1 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq4.9 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya4.0 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola3.7 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins12 kt (est. 20%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (2%)
- France: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 45,103 | 75.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 11,648 | 19.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 2,681 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | France | 11,961 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7,915 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 4,878 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,720 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 4,104 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3,616 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 3,455 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 3,440 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,369 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,378 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,374 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,066 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 968 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France | 965 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 785 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 719 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 514 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 423 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 403 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 295 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 281 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 204 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 169 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 166 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 91 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 87 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 48 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 36 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (1,066 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- France: crude origin not reported (965 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (166 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (139 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.