Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 42 kt, all of it imported, from Belgium (58%), France (35%) and the Netherlands (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (23%), Norway (18%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
United States9.7 kt (est. 23%)Norway7.4 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan4.1 kt (est. 10%)Iraq2.3 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom2.3 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria2.2 kt (est. 5%)Brazil2.1 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins9.6 kt (est. 23%)Belgium: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (3%)France: crude not from imports0.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium24 kt (58%)France15 kt (35%)Netherlands2.7 kt (6%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply42 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- France
- Netherlands
- United States9.7 kt (est. 23%)
- Norway7.4 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan4.1 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq2.3 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom2.3 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria2.2 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil2.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins9.6 kt (est. 23%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (3%)
- France: crude not from imports0.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 24,409 | 58.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 14,850 | 35.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 2,668 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,584 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 5,417 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,144 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3,821 | 25.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3,798 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,447 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,886 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,797 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,570 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,513 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,444 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,199 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,057 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | France | 889 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 723 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France | 526 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 412 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 327 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 325 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 266 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 265 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 251 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 238 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 234 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 216 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 204 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 160 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 150 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 64 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (1,057 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- France: crude not from imports (526 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (476 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (160 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.