Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 40 kt, all of it imported, from Belgium (71%), France (22%) and the Netherlands (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Norway (19%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
United States8.3 kt (est. 21%)Norway7.4 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan4.4 kt (est. 11%)Iraq2.6 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria2.1 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom2.1 kt (est. 5%)Brazil2.1 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins8.6 kt (est. 22%)Belgium: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Belgium28 kt (71%)France8.8 kt (22%)Netherlands2.5 kt (6%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply40 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- France
- Netherlands
- United States8.3 kt (est. 21%)
- Norway7.4 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan4.4 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq2.6 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria2.1 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom2.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil2.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins8.6 kt (est. 22%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 28,171 | 71.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 8,829 | 22.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 2,530 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 6,569 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 5,817 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,397 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,045 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2,290 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1,795 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,734 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,720 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,585 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,365 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | France | 1,124 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,081 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,036 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 940 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 706 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 663 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 437 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 304 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 295 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 290 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 283 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 227 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 201 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 183 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 155 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 105 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 99 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 83 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 3 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (1,365 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (293 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (261 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.