Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 50 kt, all of it imported, from Belgium (64%), France (29%) and the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (15%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
United States8.4 kt (est. 17%)Norway7.9 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan7.3 kt (est. 15%)Nigeria4.6 kt (est. 9%)Libya3.2 kt (est. 7%)Iraq2.7 kt (est. 5%)Canada2.3 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins10 kt (est. 21%)France: crude not from imports1.4 kt (3%)Belgium: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium32 kt (64%)France14 kt (29%)Netherlands3.3 kt (7%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply50 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- France
- Netherlands
- United States8.4 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway7.9 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan7.3 kt (est. 15%)
- Nigeria4.6 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya3.2 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq2.7 kt (est. 5%)
- Canada2.3 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins10 kt (est. 21%)
- France: crude not from imports1.4 kt (3%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 31,826 | 64.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 14,438 | 29.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 3,261 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,121 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,490 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,821 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,569 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2,943 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 2,636 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,617 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,242 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 2,189 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,839 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,597 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,504 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,496 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France | 1,410 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | France | 948 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 822 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 672 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 663 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 634 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 575 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 497 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 385 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 235 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 204 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 152 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 136 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 127 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- France: crude not from imports (1,410 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (634 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (385 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (204 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.