Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 48 kt, all of it imported, from Belgium (65%), France (27%) and the Netherlands (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (18%) and Kazakhstan (16%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway8.8 kt (est. 18%)United States8.5 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan7.6 kt (est. 16%)Nigeria4.2 kt (est. 9%)Libya3.7 kt (est. 8%)Canada2.5 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom1.5 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins10 kt (est. 22%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium31 kt (65%)France13 kt (27%)Netherlands3.7 kt (8%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply48 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- France
- Netherlands
- Norway8.8 kt (est. 18%)
- United States8.5 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan7.6 kt (est. 16%)
- Nigeria4.2 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya3.7 kt (est. 8%)
- Canada2.5 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom1.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins10 kt (est. 22%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 31,269 | 65.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 13,119 | 27.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 3,684 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium | 7,272 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 6,269 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,179 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,091 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3,574 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2,631 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,287 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 2,249 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2,080 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,874 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,859 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,527 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,121 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 812 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 729 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 701 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 627 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 560 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 417 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 275 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 243 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 237 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 221 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 104 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 83 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 51 | 0.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (547 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (237 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.