Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 49 kt, all of it imported, from Belgium (63%), France (31%) and the Netherlands (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (15%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway8.9 kt (est. 18%)United States8.3 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan7.5 kt (est. 15%)Libya3.6 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria3.3 kt (est. 7%)Canada2.2 kt (est. 4%)Algeria1.7 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins12 kt (est. 25%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (2%)France: crude not from imports0.6 kt (1%)Belgium31 kt (63%)France15 kt (31%)Netherlands3.0 kt (6%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply49 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- France
- Netherlands
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 30,787 | 63.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 15,049 | 30.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 3,007 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,326 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7,386 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,183 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,657 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2,993 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 2,657 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2,535 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 2,040 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,910 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,778 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,460 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 1,344 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,046 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 984 | 32.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 971 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 673 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France | 597 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 511 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 437 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 367 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 327 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 231 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 189 | 1.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 124 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 71 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 46 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (857 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- France: crude not from imports (597 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.