Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 53 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Belgium (57%) and France (38%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Kazakhstan (17%) and Norway (16%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
United States9.1 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan8.8 kt (est. 17%)Norway8.6 kt (est. 16%)Nigeria3.7 kt (est. 7%)Libya3.6 kt (est. 7%)Iraq2.3 kt (est. 4%)Angola2.0 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins14 kt (est. 26%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (2%)Belgium30 kt (57%)France20 kt (38%)Netherlands2.5 kt (5%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply53 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- France
- Netherlands
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 30,339 | 57.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 20,406 | 38.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 2,484 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,692 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,755 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,798 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 4,625 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4,480 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,170 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,709 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2,599 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2,150 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,578 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 1,519 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,481 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,449 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,004 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 669 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 485 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 481 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 472 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | France | 446 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 393 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 337 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 325 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 221 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 206 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 147 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 37 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,016 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.