Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 51 kt, all of it imported, from Belgium (60%), France (35%) and the Netherlands (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (18%), Norway (17%) and the United States (17%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan9.0 kt (est. 18%)Norway8.8 kt (est. 17%)United States8.5 kt (est. 17%)Nigeria3.2 kt (est. 6%)Brazil2.7 kt (est. 5%)Angola2.5 kt (est. 5%)Iraq2.2 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 21%)Belgium: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Belgium30 kt (60%)France17 kt (35%)Netherlands2.8 kt (6%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply51 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- France
- Netherlands
- Kazakhstan9.0 kt (est. 18%)
- Norway8.8 kt (est. 17%)
- United States8.5 kt (est. 17%)
- Nigeria3.2 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil2.7 kt (est. 5%)
- Angola2.5 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq2.2 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins11 kt (est. 21%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 30,228 | 59.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 17,486 | 34.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 2,846 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium | 6,957 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,940 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,634 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 4,182 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4,094 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,798 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,904 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,327 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Belgium | 1,868 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,785 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,681 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,637 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,372 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,288 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 663 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 584 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 557 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 549 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 426 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 396 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 395 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 350 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 273 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 197 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 180 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 176 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 165 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 91 | 0.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 89 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (2,327 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (592 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (267 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.