Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Luxembourg's petrol supply was 34 kt, all of it imported, from Belgium (87%) and Germany (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (22%), Kazakhstan (18%) and the United States (13%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway7.3 kt (est. 22%)Kazakhstan6.1 kt (est. 18%)United States4.3 kt (est. 13%)Angola1.8 kt (est. 5%)Brazil1.8 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom1.7 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria1.5 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins6.4 kt (est. 19%)Belgium: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (7%)Germany: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Belgium29 kt (87%)Germany4.6 kt (13%)Luxembourg: petrol supply34 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Norway7.3 kt (est. 22%)
- Kazakhstan6.1 kt (est. 18%)
- United States4.3 kt (est. 13%)
- Angola1.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil1.8 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom1.7 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria1.5 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins6.4 kt (est. 19%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (7%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 29,260 | 86.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 4,556 | 13.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium | 6,734 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,454 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,822 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,677 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,252 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Belgium | 1,809 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,728 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,586 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,328 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,267 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 641 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 606 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 596 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 424 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 339 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 207 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 190 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 107 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 27 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Germany | 25 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of petrol in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (2,252 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (339 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (298 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.