Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Luxembourg's petrol supply was 33 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Belgium (70%) and Germany (26%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (22%), Kazakhstan (17%) and the United States (14%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway7.3 kt (est. 22%)Kazakhstan5.5 kt (est. 17%)United States4.6 kt (est. 14%)Brazil2.0 kt (est. 6%)Guyana2.0 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria1.4 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom1.4 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins6.2 kt (est. 19%)Belgium: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (5%)Germany: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium23 kt (70%)Germany8.7 kt (26%)Netherlands1.2 kt (4%)Luxembourg: petrol supply33 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- Germany
- Netherlands
- Norway7.3 kt (est. 22%)
- Kazakhstan5.5 kt (est. 17%)
- United States4.6 kt (est. 14%)
- Brazil2.0 kt (est. 6%)
- Guyana2.0 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria1.4 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom1.4 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins6.2 kt (est. 19%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 23,157 | 70.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 8,720 | 26.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: petrol supply | 1,207 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium | 5,695 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,067 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,296 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,178 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,734 | 31.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 2,025 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,839 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,547 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,346 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,259 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,162 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,113 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 876 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 845 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 382 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 269 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 232 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 217 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 177 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 166 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 138 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 129 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Luxembourg split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 103 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 86 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 78 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 68 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 43 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of petrol in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (1,547 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (845 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (196 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (78 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.