Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Luxembourg's jet fuel supply was 46 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Belgium (71%) and France (27%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (26%), the United States (24%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway12 kt (est. 26%)United States11 kt (est. 24%)Kazakhstan4.3 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria3.9 kt (est. 9%)Guyana2.7 kt (est. 6%)Iraq1.8 kt (est. 4%)Angola1.7 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins8.0 kt (est. 17%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium32 kt (71%)France12 kt (27%)Netherlands1.1 kt (2%)Luxembourg: jet fuel supply46 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- France
- Netherlands
- Norway12 kt (est. 26%)
- United States11 kt (est. 24%)
- Kazakhstan4.3 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria3.9 kt (est. 9%)
- Guyana2.7 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq1.8 kt (est. 4%)
- Angola1.7 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins8.0 kt (est. 17%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 32,343 | 70.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 12,394 | 27.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Luxembourg: jet fuel supply | 1,112 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium | 10,600 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,955 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,702 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3,986 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 2,990 | 24.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,820 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 2,718 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,456 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,406 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,383 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,023 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 991 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 881 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 715 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 672 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 282 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 265 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 239 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 197 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 138 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 88 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 81 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 77 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 76 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 69 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | France | 26 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 12 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Luxembourg split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Luxembourg’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (274 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (219 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.