Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, Malta's road diesel supply was 28 kt, all of it imported, from Kuwait (57%) and Spain (43%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Mexico (6%), the United States (5%) and Libya (5%), and 57% cannot be traced.
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Crude origin (estimate)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2026)
713 tonnes
est. 3% of Malta's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported0.7 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Spain0.7 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait | Malta: road diesel supply | 15,718 | 56.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Malta: road diesel supply | 11,997 | 43.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 15,718 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 3,261 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 1,656 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 1,496 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 1,443 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 1,369 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,030 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,029 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 713 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Malta’s supply of road diesel in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (15,718 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.