Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Malta's road diesel supply was 17 kt, all of it imported, from Italy (100%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (18%), Libya (17%) and the United States (15%), and 6% cannot be traced.
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Crude origin (estimate)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2023)
1.5 thousand tonnes
est. 9% of Malta's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported1.5 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Italy1.5 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Malta: road diesel supply | 16,894 | 100.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 3,093 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 2,877 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,562 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 2,372 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,518 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,508 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,146 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 772 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy | 527 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 519 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Malta’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude origin not reported (527 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (519 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.