Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Malta's road diesel supply was 18 kt, all of it imported, from Saudi Arabia (83%) and Spain (17%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 84% cannot be traced.
Country
United States0.5 kt (est. 3%)Brazil0.4 kt (est. 2%)Mexico0.4 kt (est. 2%)Nigeria0.2 kt (est. 1%)Angola0.2 kt (est. 1%)Saudi Arabia0.2 kt (est. <1%)Venezuela0.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.9 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data15 kt (83%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Saudi Arabia15 kt (83%)Spain3.1 kt (17%)Malta: road diesel supply18 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Saudi Arabia
- Spain
- United States0.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil0.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Mexico0.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Nigeria0.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Angola0.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Venezuela0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.9 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data15 kt (83%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2024)
350 tonnes
est. 2% of Malta's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported0.4 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Spain0.4 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Malta: road diesel supply | 15,308 | 83.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Malta: road diesel supply | 3,134 | 17.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 15,308 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 861 | 27.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 477 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 436 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 350 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 230 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 212 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 177 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Spain | 168 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 151 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 73 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Malta’s supply of road diesel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (15,308 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (151 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (73 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.