Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Malta's road diesel supply was 13 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Italy (80%) and the Netherlands (20%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Azerbaijan (13%) and Libya (12%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States1.9 kt (est. 14%)Azerbaijan1.7 kt (est. 13%)Libya1.6 kt (est. 12%)Iraq1.4 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan1.3 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria0.9 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia0.6 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins2.6 kt (est. 20%)Italy: crude not from imports0.5 kt (4%)Italy: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy11 kt (80%)Netherlands2.6 kt (20%)Swedenless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Malta: road diesel supply13 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- United States1.9 kt (est. 14%)
- Azerbaijan1.7 kt (est. 13%)
- Libya1.6 kt (est. 12%)
- Iraq1.4 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan1.3 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria0.9 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia0.6 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins2.6 kt (est. 20%)
- Italy: crude not from imports0.5 kt (4%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Dec 2023)
2.6 thousand tonnes
20% of Malta's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins0.9 kt (est. 35%)
- United States0.7 kt (est. 27%)
- Nigeria0.3 kt (est. 11%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Malta: road diesel supply | 10,541 | 80.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Malta: road diesel supply | 2,604 | 19.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 1,672 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,654 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,641 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,156 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,127 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,105 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 914 | 35.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 703 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 607 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 536 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 531 | 5.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy | 511 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 286 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 281 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 176 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 164 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 80 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 2 | 73.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Malta split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 0 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Malta split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 0 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Malta split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 0 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Malta split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 0 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (531 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (511 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (164 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (0 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.