Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Malta's road diesel supply was 17 kt, all of it imported, from Italy (73%) and the Netherlands (27%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Azerbaijan (14%) and Libya (14%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
United States2.9 kt (est. 16%)Azerbaijan2.5 kt (est. 14%)Libya2.4 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan1.6 kt (est. 9%)Iraq1.5 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia1.3 kt (est. 7%)Norway1.3 kt (est. 7%)Other crude origins2.9 kt (est. 17%)Italy: crude not from imports0.9 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (2%)Italy13 kt (73%)Netherlands4.8 kt (27%)Malta: road diesel supply17 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy
- Netherlands
- United States2.9 kt (est. 16%)
- Azerbaijan2.5 kt (est. 14%)
- Libya2.4 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan1.6 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq1.5 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia1.3 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway1.3 kt (est. 7%)
- Other crude origins2.9 kt (est. 17%)
- Italy: crude not from imports0.9 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (2%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2023)
1.3 thousand tonnes
est. 7% of Malta's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported1.3 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy1.0 kt (est. 73%)
- Netherlands0.3 kt (est. 27%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Malta: road diesel supply | 12,692 | 72.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Malta: road diesel supply | 4,801 | 27.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 2,515 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 2,424 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,720 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,647 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,296 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,266 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,133 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 956 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 944 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 897 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 865 | 6.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 548 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 354 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 346 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 312 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 270 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (865 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (270 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.