Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Malta's road diesel supply was 13 kt, all of it imported, from Italy (52%) and Türkiye (48%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (10%), Libya (10%) and the United States (9%), and 50% cannot be traced.
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Azerbaijan1.4 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya1.3 kt (est. 10%)
- United States1.2 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq0.5 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia0.5 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan0.5 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway0.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins1.0 kt (est. 8%)
- Türkiye: no crude data6.4 kt (48%)
- Italy: crude not from imports0.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2023)
487 tonnes
est. 4% of Malta's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported0.5 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy0.5 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Malta: road diesel supply | 6,938 | 52.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Malta: road diesel supply | 6,383 | 47.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 6,383 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 1,394 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,312 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,224 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,032 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 513 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 487 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 485 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 242 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 135 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 113 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of road diesel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (6,383 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (135 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (113 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.