Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Malta's road diesel supply was 15 kt, all of it imported, from Italy (82%) and Spain (18%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (16%), Azerbaijan (13%) and the United States (13%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya2.4 kt (est. 16%)Azerbaijan1.9 kt (est. 13%)United States1.9 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan1.5 kt (est. 10%)Iraq1.2 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria1.2 kt (est. 8%)Brazil0.7 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins3.3 kt (est. 22%)Italy: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (3%)Italy: crude not from imports0.3 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy12 kt (82%)Spain2.6 kt (18%)Malta: road diesel supply15 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Libya2.4 kt (est. 16%)
- Azerbaijan1.9 kt (est. 13%)
- United States1.9 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan1.5 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq1.2 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria1.2 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil0.7 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins3.3 kt (est. 22%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude not from imports0.3 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Malta: road diesel supply | 12,203 | 82.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Malta: road diesel supply | 2,636 | 17.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy | 2,209 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 2,147 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 1,878 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,464 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,388 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,182 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1,143 | 43.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 849 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 476 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy | 412 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 345 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 340 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 331 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 322 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 181 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 73 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 44 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 41 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 15 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of road diesel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude origin not reported (412 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (345 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (41 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.