Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Malta's road diesel supply was 9.9 kt, all of it imported, from Kuwait (58%) and Spain (42%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (7%), Mexico (7%) and the United States (6%), and 59% cannot be traced.
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Crude origin (estimate)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2025)
5.8 thousand tonnes
58% of Malta's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Kuwait5.8 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait | Malta: road diesel supply | 5,768 | 58.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Malta: road diesel supply | 4,175 | 42.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 5,768 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1,021 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 722 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 658 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 576 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 453 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 299 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 208 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Spain | 161 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 77 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of road diesel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (5,768 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (77 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.