Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Malta's road diesel supply was 16 kt, all of it imported, from Italy (89%) and Spain (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (20%), Azerbaijan (13%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya3.2 kt (est. 20%)Azerbaijan2.1 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan2.1 kt (est. 13%)Saudi Arabia1.4 kt (est. 9%)United States1.3 kt (est. 8%)Iraq1.3 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria0.8 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins2.3 kt (est. 15%)Italy: crude not from imports1.3 kt (8%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (1%)Italy14 kt (89%)Spain1.7 kt (11%)Malta: road diesel supply16 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Libya3.2 kt (est. 20%)
- Azerbaijan2.1 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan2.1 kt (est. 13%)
- Saudi Arabia1.4 kt (est. 9%)
- United States1.3 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq1.3 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria0.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins2.3 kt (est. 15%)
- Italy: crude not from imports1.3 kt (8%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2024)
174 tonnes
1% of Malta's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Italy0.1 kt (72%)
- Spainless than 0.1 kt (28%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Malta: road diesel supply | 14,147 | 89.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Malta: road diesel supply | 1,741 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy | 3,059 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 2,135 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,979 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,447 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,295 | 9.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,262 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,206 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,003 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 860 | 49.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 635 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 301 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 169 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 126 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 108 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 103 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 79 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 73 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 48 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (1,295 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (174 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.