Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Malta's road diesel supply was 13 kt, all of it imported, from Italy (73%) and the Netherlands (27%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Azerbaijan (14%) and Libya (14%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
United States2.2 kt (est. 17%)Azerbaijan1.8 kt (est. 14%)Libya1.8 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan1.1 kt (est. 9%)Iraq1.1 kt (est. 8%)Norway0.9 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia0.7 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins2.5 kt (est. 19%)Italy: crude not from imports0.4 kt (3%)Italy: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (1%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (1%)Italy9.3 kt (73%)Netherlands3.5 kt (27%)Malta: road diesel supply13 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy
- Netherlands
- United States2.2 kt (est. 17%)
- Azerbaijan1.8 kt (est. 14%)
- Libya1.8 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan1.1 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq1.1 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway0.9 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia0.7 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins2.5 kt (est. 19%)
- Italy: crude not from imports0.4 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (1%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Malta: road diesel supply | 9,304 | 72.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Malta: road diesel supply | 3,520 | 27.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 1,848 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,782 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,383 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,356 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,097 | 31.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 886 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 866 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 707 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 631 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 523 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 406 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 383 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 252 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 208 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 202 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Malta split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy | 162 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 132 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Malta’s supply of road diesel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (406 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (162 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (132 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.