Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Malta's petrol supply was less than 0.1 kt, all of it imported, from Greece (100%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (47%), Kazakhstan (17%) and Libya (12%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraqless than 0.1 kt (est. 47%)Kazakhstanless than 0.1 kt (est. 17%)Libyaless than 0.1 kt (est. 12%)Egyptless than 0.1 kt (est. 5%)Norwayless than 0.1 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabialess than 0.1 kt (est. 4%)United Statesless than 0.1 kt (est. 2%)Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. 4%)Greece: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (4%)Greeceless than 0.1 kt (100%)Malta: petrol supplyless than 0.1 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Iraqless than 0.1 kt (est. 47%)
- Kazakhstanless than 0.1 kt (est. 17%)
- Libyaless than 0.1 kt (est. 12%)
- Egyptless than 0.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Norwayless than 0.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabialess than 0.1 kt (est. 4%)
- United Statesless than 0.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. 4%)
- Greece: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (4%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece | Malta: petrol supply | 6 | 100.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece | 3 | 47.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 1 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece | 0 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 0 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 0 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece | 0 | 4.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 0 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 0 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Malta’s supply of petrol in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Greece: crude origin not reported (0 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.