Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Malta's petrol supply was 15 kt, all of it imported, from Greece (100%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (48%), Kazakhstan (15%) and Libya (10%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq7.3 kt (est. 48%)Kazakhstan2.3 kt (est. 15%)Libya1.5 kt (est. 10%)Egypt0.7 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia0.6 kt (est. 4%)United States0.5 kt (est. 3%)Norway0.4 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins1.1 kt (est. 7%)Greece: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (4%)Greece: crude not from imports0.2 kt (2%)Greece15 kt (100%)Malta: petrol supply15 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece | Malta: petrol supply | 15,322 | 100.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece | 7,329 | 47.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 2,333 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,468 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,082 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece | 734 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece | 662 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 624 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 483 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 359 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude not from imports | Greece | 248 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of petrol in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Greece: crude origin not reported (662 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Greece: crude not from imports (248 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.