Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Malta's jet fuel supply was 16 kt, all of it imported, from Libya (62%) and Italy (38%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (6%) and Libya (6%), and 65% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan1.0 kt (est. 6%)Libya1.0 kt (est. 6%)United States0.7 kt (est. 4%)Iraq0.7 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan0.6 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria0.4 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia0.3 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins1.0 kt (est. 6%)Libya: no crude data9.8 kt (62%)Italy: crude not from imports0.3 kt (2%)Italy: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (2%)Libya9.8 kt (62%)Italy6.1 kt (38%)Malta: jet fuel supply16 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Azerbaijan1.0 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya1.0 kt (est. 6%)
- United States0.7 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq0.7 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan0.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria0.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia0.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins1.0 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya: no crude data9.8 kt (62%)
- Italy: crude not from imports0.3 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (2%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Malta: jet fuel supply | 9,838 | 61.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Malta: jet fuel supply | 6,145 | 38.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 9,838 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 974 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 964 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 957 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 674 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 657 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 644 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 354 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 312 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 310 | 5.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy | 298 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Libya: no crude data (9,838 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (310 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (298 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.