Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Malta's road diesel supply was 9.3 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Spain (77%) and Italy (21%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%), Nigeria (13%) and Mexico (12%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
United States1.4 kt (est. 15%)Nigeria1.2 kt (est. 13%)Mexico1.1 kt (est. 12%)Brazil1.0 kt (est. 11%)Libya0.9 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan0.6 kt (est. 6%)Angola0.5 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins2.0 kt (est. 21%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data0.2 kt (2%)Italy: crude not from imports0.2 kt (2%)Spain: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain7.1 kt (77%)Italy1.9 kt (21%)Saudi Arabia0.2 kt (2%)Malta: road diesel supply9.3 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain
- Italy
- Saudi Arabia
- United States1.4 kt (est. 15%)
- Nigeria1.2 kt (est. 13%)
- Mexico1.1 kt (est. 12%)
- Brazil1.0 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya0.9 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan0.6 kt (est. 6%)
- Angola0.5 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins2.0 kt (est. 21%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data0.2 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude not from imports0.2 kt (2%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain | Malta: road diesel supply | 7,137 | 76.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Malta: road diesel supply | 1,943 | 20.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Malta: road diesel supply | 215 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1,302 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 1,196 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,108 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 1,097 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 957 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 681 | 35.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 508 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 490 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 374 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 301 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 267 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 215 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy | 203 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 199 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain | 121 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 118 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 57 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Italy | 35 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 33 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Italy | 26 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 8 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Malta’s supply of road diesel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (215 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (199 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Spain: crude origin not reported (121 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (57 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (33 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.