Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, Malta's road diesel supply was 16 kt, all of it imported, from Saudi Arabia (66%) and Italy (34%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (8%) and Azerbaijan (5%), and 69% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya1.2 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan0.7 kt (est. 5%)Iraq0.5 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia0.5 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria0.3 kt (est. 2%)United States0.3 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins0.6 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data10 kt (66%)Italy: crude not from imports0.5 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia10 kt (66%)Italy5.4 kt (34%)Malta: road diesel supply16 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Saudi Arabia
- Italy
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Malta: road diesel supply | 10,437 | 65.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Malta: road diesel supply | 5,425 | 34.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 10,437 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,194 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 845 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 748 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 590 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 533 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 516 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 467 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 272 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 260 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Malta’s supply of road diesel in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (10,437 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (533 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.