Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Malta's jet fuel supply was 23 kt, all of it imported, mainly from India (48%), China (25%) and Italy (21%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 81% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya1.1 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan0.6 kt (est. 3%)United States0.4 kt (est. 2%)Iraq0.4 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia0.3 kt (est. 1%)Nigeria0.2 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins0.5 kt (est. 2%)India: no crude data11 kt (48%)China: no crude data5.6 kt (25%)Malaysia: no crude data1.5 kt (7%)Italy: crude not from imports0.4 kt (2%)India11 kt (48%)China5.6 kt (25%)Italy4.7 kt (21%)Malaysia1.5 kt (7%)Malta: jet fuel supply23 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Libya1.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan0.6 kt (est. 3%)
- United States0.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq0.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia0.3 kt (est. 1%)
- Nigeria0.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins0.5 kt (est. 2%)
- India: no crude data11 kt (48%)
- China: no crude data5.6 kt (25%)
- Malaysia: no crude data1.5 kt (7%)
- Italy: crude not from imports0.4 kt (2%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | Malta: jet fuel supply | 10,742 | 47.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Malta: jet fuel supply | 5,577 | 24.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Malta: jet fuel supply | 4,703 | 20.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | Malta: jet fuel supply | 1,547 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 10,742 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 5,577 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Malaysia: no crude data | Malaysia | 1,547 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,067 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 837 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 600 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 505 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 388 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 383 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 373 | 7.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 310 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 240 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (10,742 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (5,577 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malaysia: no crude data (1,547 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (373 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.