Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Malta's road diesel supply was 16 kt, all of it imported, from Saudi Arabia (47%), Spain (44%) and Italy (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (7%), Brazil (6%) and Nigeria (5%), and 50% cannot be traced.
Country
United States1.2 kt (est. 7%)Brazil1.0 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria0.8 kt (est. 5%)Mexico0.8 kt (est. 5%)Libya0.6 kt (est. 4%)Venezuela0.5 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia0.5 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins2.7 kt (est. 17%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data7.5 kt (47%)Spain: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (2%)Spain: crude not from imports0.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Saudi Arabia7.5 kt (47%)Spain7.0 kt (44%)Italy1.5 kt (9%)Malta: road diesel supply16 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Saudi Arabia
- Spain
- Italy
- United States1.2 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil1.0 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria0.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Mexico0.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya0.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Venezuela0.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia0.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins2.7 kt (est. 17%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data7.5 kt (47%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (2%)
- Spain: crude not from imports0.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Malta: road diesel supply | 7,464 | 46.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Malta: road diesel supply | 6,973 | 43.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Malta: road diesel supply | 1,473 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 7,464 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1,931 | 27.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 1,005 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 965 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 737 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 737 | 50.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 683 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Spain | 459 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 390 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 323 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 280 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain | 241 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Spain: crude not from imports | Spain | 238 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 152 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 118 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 69 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 61 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Mexico | Italy | 26 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 20 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Italy | 10 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of road diesel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (7,464 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Spain: crude origin not reported (241 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Spain: crude not from imports (238 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (61 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.