Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Malta's jet fuel supply was 26 kt, all of it imported, from Belgium (44%), Türkiye (37%) and Italy (19%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (10%), the United States (8%) and Kazakhstan (6%), and 43% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway2.5 kt (est. 10%)United States2.2 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan1.7 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom1.2 kt (est. 4%)Libya1.1 kt (est. 4%)Iraq1.0 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins4.3 kt (est. 16%)Türkiye: no crude data9.7 kt (37%)Belgium: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (5%)Italy: crude not from imports0.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium12 kt (44%)Türkiye9.7 kt (37%)Italy5.1 kt (19%)Malta: jet fuel supply26 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Norway2.5 kt (est. 10%)
- United States2.2 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan1.7 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom1.2 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya1.1 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq1.0 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins4.3 kt (est. 16%)
- Türkiye: no crude data9.7 kt (37%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (5%)
- Italy: crude not from imports0.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Malta: jet fuel supply | 11,534 | 43.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Malta: jet fuel supply | 9,656 | 36.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Malta: jet fuel supply | 5,084 | 19.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 9,656 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,905 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,395 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,771 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,393 | 27.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,295 | 11.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,126 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,025 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 827 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 773 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 678 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 588 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 454 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 401 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 344 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 322 | 6.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 152 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 85 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 50 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 33 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (9,656 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (1,295 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (322 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (85 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (50 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.