Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Malta's road diesel supply was 20 kt, all of it imported, from Kuwait (58%) and Spain (42%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (7%) and Mexico (5%), and 59% cannot be traced.
Country
United States1.4 kt (est. 7%)Mexico1.0 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria0.9 kt (est. 5%)Brazil0.9 kt (est. 5%)Libya0.6 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia0.5 kt (est. 3%)Algeria0.5 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins2.1 kt (est. 11%)Kuwait: no crude data11 kt (58%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Kuwait11 kt (58%)Spain8.3 kt (42%)Malta: road diesel supply20 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait | Malta: road diesel supply | 11,398 | 58.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Malta: road diesel supply | 8,250 | 42.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 11,398 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 2,080 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 1,428 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 1,035 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 947 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 946 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 631 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 521 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 469 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Malta split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 193 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Malta’s supply of road diesel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (11,398 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (193 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.