Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Malta's jet fuel supply was 17 kt, all of it imported, from Libya (65%) and Italy (35%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (9%) and Azerbaijan (5%), and 67% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya1.4 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan0.9 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan0.6 kt (est. 4%)United States0.5 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia0.4 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria0.4 kt (est. 2%)Brazil0.2 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins0.9 kt (est. 5%)Libya: no crude data11 kt (65%)Italy: crude not from imports0.5 kt (3%)Libya11 kt (65%)Italy6.0 kt (35%)Malta: jet fuel supply17 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Malta: jet fuel supply | 10,891 | 64.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Malta: jet fuel supply | 5,976 | 35.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 10,891 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,436 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 903 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 884 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 636 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 539 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 489 | 8.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 441 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 417 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 231 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Libya: no crude data (10,891 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (489 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.