Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Malta's jet fuel supply was 13 kt, all of it imported, from Türkiye (51%) and Italy (49%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (11%), Azerbaijan (7%) and the United States (6%), and 58% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya1.4 kt (est. 11%)Azerbaijan0.9 kt (est. 7%)United States0.8 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan0.6 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria0.3 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia0.3 kt (est. 3%)Iraq0.3 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins0.7 kt (est. 6%)Türkiye: no crude data6.8 kt (51%)Italy: crude not from imports0.8 kt (6%)Türkiye6.8 kt (51%)Italy6.4 kt (49%)Malta: jet fuel supply13 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye | Malta: jet fuel supply | 6,808 | 51.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Malta: jet fuel supply | 6,441 | 48.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 6,808 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,418 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 936 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 850 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 816 | 12.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 749 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 638 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 349 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 343 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 341 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (6,808 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (816 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.