Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Malta's jet fuel supply was 21 kt, all of it imported, from Belgium (46%), Greece (35%) and Italy (19%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (18%), Iraq (17%) and Norway (12%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan3.7 kt (est. 18%)Iraq3.5 kt (est. 17%)Norway2.4 kt (est. 12%)Libya2.1 kt (est. 10%)United States2.1 kt (est. 10%)Guyana1.3 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins4.0 kt (est. 19%)Italy: crude not from imports0.5 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Belgium9.5 kt (46%)Greece7.2 kt (35%)Italy4.0 kt (19%)Malta: jet fuel supply21 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Kazakhstan3.7 kt (est. 18%)
- Iraq3.5 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway2.4 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya2.1 kt (est. 10%)
- United States2.1 kt (est. 10%)
- Guyana1.3 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins4.0 kt (est. 19%)
- Italy: crude not from imports0.5 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Malta: jet fuel supply | 9,457 | 45.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Malta: jet fuel supply | 7,230 | 34.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Malta: jet fuel supply | 4,026 | 19.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece | 3,073 | 42.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,561 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,226 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 1,722 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,628 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,625 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 1,277 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,176 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 929 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 775 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 645 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 557 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 476 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 464 | 11.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 381 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 336 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 244 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 203 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Greece | 167 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Malta split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 141 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 64 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Italy | 45 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (464 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (203 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (64 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.