Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, Malta's jet fuel supply was 14 kt, all of it imported, from Italy (66%) and Belgium (34%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (17%), Kazakhstan (15%) and Norway (14%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya2.3 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan2.0 kt (est. 15%)Norway1.8 kt (est. 14%)United States1.5 kt (est. 11%)Azerbaijan1.2 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia0.8 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria0.4 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins3.0 kt (est. 22%)Italy: crude not from imports0.4 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy9.0 kt (66%)Belgium4.6 kt (34%)Malta: jet fuel supply14 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Libya2.3 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan2.0 kt (est. 15%)
- Norway1.8 kt (est. 14%)
- United States1.5 kt (est. 11%)
- Azerbaijan1.2 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia0.8 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria0.4 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins3.0 kt (est. 22%)
- Italy: crude not from imports0.4 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Malta: jet fuel supply | 8,967 | 66.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Malta: jet fuel supply | 4,596 | 33.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy | 2,229 | 24.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,731 | 19.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,643 | 35.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,427 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,283 | 27.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 1,228 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 907 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 692 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 627 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 611 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 425 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 278 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 192 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 136 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Malta split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 67 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 54 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Malta split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 33 | 0.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Malta’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (425 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (33 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.