Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 1,766 kt: 68% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (23%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (17%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States306 kt (est. 17%)Norway294 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan248 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom164 kt (est. 9%)Iraq120 kt (est. 7%)Brazil110 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria95 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins262 kt (est. 15%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported100 kt (6%)United Kingdom: no crude data48 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data6.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.20 Mt (68%)Belgium397 kt (23%)Germany81 kt (5%)United Kingdom48 kt (3%)France33 kt (2%)Norway5.3 kt (<1%)India1.2 kt (<1%)Denmark0.4 kt (<1%)Spain0.2 kt (<1%)Malaysia0.2 kt (<1%)Italy0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply1.77 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- France
- Norway
- India
- Denmark
- Other (3)
- United States306 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway294 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan248 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom164 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq120 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil110 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria95 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins262 kt (est. 15%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported100 kt (6%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data48 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data6.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2025)
109.8 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Netherlands's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported110 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands (own refineries)94 kt (est. 86%)
- Belgium15 kt (est. 13%)
- France1.0 kt (est. <1%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,198,864 | 67.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 397,393 | 22.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 80,870 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 48,368 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 33,143 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 5,280 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 234,126 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 189,755 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 156,651 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 137,880 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 115,434 | 29.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 109,105 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 106,569 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 99,655 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 93,941 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 88,476 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 75,948 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 71,182 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 54,618 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 48,368 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 25,904 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 18,974 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 16,766 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 14,695 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 13,265 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 11,289 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 11,251 | 33.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 9,628 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 8,877 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 7,276 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 6,294 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 6,187 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Norway | 5,280 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 5,253 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 4,764 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,401 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3,492 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2,564 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,405 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,664 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 1,155 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | France | 951 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 548 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 256 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 226 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Malaysia | 152 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 129 | 36.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Denmark | 128 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 86 | 24.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 79 | 49.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 33 | 52.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 25 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 20 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 19 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 9 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 9 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 7 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 7 | 10.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 6 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 4 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 3 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 2 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 2 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 1 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 1 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 1 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 0 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (99,655 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (48,368 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (11,989 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6,587 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (137 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.